Journal: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Article Title: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Cefazolin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Critically Ill Patients

doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab649

Figure Lengend Snippet: Patient Demographics

Article Snippet: In brief, analytical grade cefazolin (C242500; Lot #25-SSR 120-1) and internal standard N15,2C13-Cefazolin (C242502; Lot #8-XAL 141010) were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Staphylococcus aureus Breast Implant Infection Isolates Display Recalcitrance To Antibiotic Pocket Irrigants

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02884-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. aureus strains. (A to C) Strains JE2, 117, and 158 were exposed to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (A), cefazolin (B), or bacitracin (C). (A) JE2 displays resistance to gentamicin, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.0 μg/mL, while 117 and 158 are susceptible, as they exhibit MICs of 0.5 and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively. (B) JE2, 117, and 158 are all susceptible to cefazolin, with MICs of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. (C) JE2, 117, and 158 are all resistant to bacitracin, as they exhibit MICs of >32, 24, and >32 μg/mL, respectively. The red line represents the MIC breakpoint for each antibiotic for S. aureus . An MIC value at or above the MIC breakpoint classifies the pathogen as resistant to the antibiotic. (D) Susceptibility of S. aureus strains to triple antibiotic pocket irrigant (TAPI) was determined based on an increase in optical density, indicating growth of strains, when exposed to TAPI compared to those not exposed to TAPI. JE2, 117, and 158 display susceptibility to TAPI. MICs were determined using an optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) threshold lower than 0.1, and heat maps display a representative of one of the three replicates. MHB, Mueller-Hinton broth.

Article Snippet: Individual antibiotics, including bacitracin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 226100050), cefazolin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455210010), and gentamicin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455310050), were diluted to concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 2,800 μg/mL in MBH.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Staphylococcus aureus Breast Implant Infection Isolates Display Recalcitrance To Antibiotic Pocket Irrigants

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02884-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: S. aureus biofilms formed under in vitro conditions display recalcitrance to TAPI antibiotics. JE2 (A), 117 (B), and 158 (C) were allowed to form biofilm and were then exposed to increasing concentration of antibiotics. (A) JE2 biofilm (mean, 0.4406; standard deviation [SD], 0.2192; standard error of the mean [SE], 0.05315) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.9404; mean, 0.4083; SD, 0.2528; SE, 0.1460; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.5360; mean, 0.3653; SD, 0.2630; SE, 0.1518; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.5351; mean, 0.5410; SD, 0.3338; SE, 0.1927) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.2314; mean, 0.3073; SD, 0.3052; SE, 0.1526; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.2314; mean, 0.3220; SD, 0.2488; SE, 0.1244; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6869; mean, 0.3770; SD, 0.2464; SE, 0.1232). TAPI, however, significantly reduced the amount of biomass formed by JE2 ( P value, 0.0018; mean, 0.1637; SD, 0.0140; SE, 0.003932). (B) 117 biofilm (mean, 0.2885; SD, 0.2274; SE, 0.06857) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.6608; mean, 0.4570; SD, 0.4167; SE, 0.2083; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.9714; mean, 0.3860; SD, 0.4954; SE, 0.2477; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.8491; mean, 0.3348; SD, 0.4128; SE, 0.2064), cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.5549; mean, 0.4863; SD, 0.3433; SE, 0.1982; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.3429; mean, 0.1593; SD, 0.04207; SE, 0.02104; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.7325; mean, 0.2625; SD, 0.05548; SE, 0.02265) or to TAPI ( P value, 0.3773; mean, 0.1746; SD, 0.1001; SE, 0.04477). (C) 158 biofilm (mean, 0.2013; SD, 0.07619; SE, 0.02694) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.25 μg/mL: P value, 0.6303; mean, 0.2217; SD, 0.1243; SE, 0.07178; and 0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.4970; mean, 0.1410; SD, 0.02862; SE, 0.01652; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.8518; mean, 0.1987; SD, 0.03819; SE, 0.01559) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.7758; mean, 0.1733; SD, 0.03911; SE, 0.02258; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.9507; mean, 0.1922; SD, 0.03274; SE, 0.01337; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.9433; mean, 0.1814; SD, 0.05110; SE, 0.02285). However, TAPI significantly reduced the amount of biomass formed by 158 ( P value, 0.0485; mean, 0.1170; SD, 0.004761; SD, 0.002380). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance, where ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.0005. P > 0.05 indicates no significant difference. Bar graphs include the means and SDs.

Article Snippet: Individual antibiotics, including bacitracin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 226100050), cefazolin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455210010), and gentamicin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455310050), were diluted to concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 2,800 μg/mL in MBH.

Techniques: In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Staphylococcus aureus Breast Implant Infection Isolates Display Recalcitrance To Antibiotic Pocket Irrigants

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02884-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: S. aureus biofilms formed under in vitro conditions that mimic the host environment display recalcitrance to TAPI antibiotics. JE2 (A), 117 (B), and 158 (C) were allowed to form biofilm in the presence of human plasma and were then exposed to increasing concentrations of antibiotics. (A) JE2 biofilm (mean, 1.387; SD, 0.8289; SE, 0.2010) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.6895, mean, 1.473, SD, 0.4182, SE, 0.2414; 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.4158; mean, 1.718; SD, 0.7085; SE, 0.4091; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6895; mean, 1.568; SD, 0.6093; SE, 0.3518), cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.6977; mean, 1.404; SD, 0.8419; SE, 0.4209; 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.2750; mean, 1.763; SD, 0.4310; SE, 0.2155; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.1718; mean, 1.874; SD, 0.3805; SE, 0.1902) or to TAPI ( P value, 0.4633; mean, 1.680; SD, 0.63060; SE, 0.2384). (B) 117 biofilm (mean, 0.9390; SD, 0.5298; SE, 0.1529) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.9527; mean, 0.9323; SD, 0.3203; SE, 0.1601; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.5989; mean, 1.027; SD, 0.1928; SE, 0.0963; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.5989; mean, 0.6678; SD, 0.4147; SE, 0.2073) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.5549; mean, 1.381; SD, 0.4167; SE, 0.2406; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.6835; mean 0.8608; SD, 0.5292; SE, 0.2646; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6820; mean, 1.041; SD, 0.4144; SE, 0.1692) but was significantly increased when exposed to TAPI ( P value, 0.0268; mean, 1.702; SD, 0.4690; SE, 0.2098). (C) 158 biofilm (mean, 0.7978; SD, 0.4863; SE, 0.1621) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.25 μg/mL: P value, >0.9999; mean, 0.8670; SD, 0.7762; SE, 0.4481; and 0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.7273; mean, 0.5587; SD, 0.3031; SE, 0.1750; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.6070; mean, 0.5858; SD, 0.3300; SE, 0.1347) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.4818; mean, 0.9963; SD, 2.2337; SE, 0.1349; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.5827; mean, 0.7883; SD, 0.3636; SE, 0.1484; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6064; mean, 0.9816; SD, 0.7121; SE, 0.3184) but was significantly increased when exposed to TAPI ( P value, 0.0336; mean, 1.676; SD, 0.6467; SE, 0.3235). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance, where ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.0005. P > 0.05 indicates no significant difference. Bar graphs include the mean and standard deviation.

Article Snippet: Individual antibiotics, including bacitracin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 226100050), cefazolin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455210010), and gentamicin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455310050), were diluted to concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 2,800 μg/mL in MBH.

Techniques: In Vitro, Clinical Proteomics, MANN-WHITNEY, Standard Deviation

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Staphylococcus aureus Breast Implant Infection Isolates Display Recalcitrance To Antibiotic Pocket Irrigants

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02884-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of P. aeruginosa strains. PAO1, 157, and 160 strains were exposed to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (A), cefazolin (B), or (C) bacitracin. (A) PAO1, 157, and 160 all displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 μg/mL, indicating that they are susceptible to gentamicin. (B) PAO1, 157, and 160 all displayed MICs of >32 μg/mL, indicating that they are all resistant to cefazolin. (C) PAO1, 157, and 160 all displayed MICs of >1,400 μg/mL, indicating that they are all resistant to bacitracin. The red line represents the MIC breakpoint for each antibiotic for P. aeruginosa . A MIC value at or above the MIC breakpoint classifies the pathogen as resistant to the antibiotic. (D) Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains to triple antibiotic pocket irrigant (TAPI) was determined based on an increase in optical density, indicating growth of strains, when exposed to TAPI compared to those not exposed. PAO1, 157, and 160 are susceptible to TAPI. The MICs were determined using an OD 600 threshold lower than 0.1, and the heat maps display a representative of one of the three replicates.

Article Snippet: Individual antibiotics, including bacitracin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 226100050), cefazolin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455210010), and gentamicin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 455310050), were diluted to concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 2,800 μg/mL in MBH.

Techniques: